Type 1 or type 2 diabetes: has the ship already sailed?

Authors

  • Amy E Morrison University Hospitals of Leicester
  • Sing Yee Sim University Hospitals of Leicester
  • Marie-France Kong University Hospitals of Leicester
  • Rob Gregory University Hospitals of Leicester

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15277/bjd.2021.297

Keywords:

type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, autoimmune, islet autoantibodies, C-peptide

Author Biographies

Amy E Morrison, University Hospitals of Leicester

Endocrinology and Diabetes SpR

Sing Yee Sim, University Hospitals of Leicester

Endocrinology and Diabetes SpR

Marie-France Kong, University Hospitals of Leicester

Diabetes and Endocrinology Consultant

Rob Gregory, University Hospitals of Leicester

Diabetes and Endocrinology Consultant

References

Jones AG, Hattersley AT. The clinical utility of C-peptide measurement in the care of patients with diabetes. Diabet Med 2013;30(7):803–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.12159

Kawasaki E. Type 1 diabetes and autoimmunity. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2014;23(4):99–105. https://doi.org/10.1297/cpe.23.99

Liu J, Bian L, Ji L, et al. The heterogeneity of islet autoantibodies and the progression of beta cell failure in type 1 diabetic patients. Sci China Life Sci 2016;59(9):930–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-016-5052-3

Wang J, Miao D, Babu S, et al. Prevalence of autoantibody-negative diabetes is not rare at all ages and increases with older age and obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92(1):88–92. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-1494

Lee YB, Han K, Kim B, et al. Risk of early mortality and cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes: a comparison with type 2 diabetes, a nationwide study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2019;18:157–74. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-019-0953-7

Vellanki P, Umpierrez G. Increasing hospitalizations for DKA: a need for prevention programs. Diabetes Care 2018;41(9):1839–41. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci18-0004

United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Group (UKPDS). Intensive blood glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998;352:837–53.

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management. [NG17]. 2015. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng17/chapter/Recommendations#diagnosis, [Accessed 30 Jan 2021]

Association of British Clinical Diabetologists (ABCD). Standards of care for management of adults with type 1 diabetes. Available at: https://abcd.care/sites/abcd.care/files/resources/Standards_of_Care_T1DM_ABCD_FINAL.pdf [Accessed 29 Jan 2021]

Foteinopoulou E, Clarke C, Pattenden R, et al. Impact of routine clinic measurement of serum C-peptide in people with clinician diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 2020 Nov 1;e14449 [online ahead of print]. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.14449

American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2021. Diabetes Care 2021;44(Suppl 1):S15−S33. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-S002

Leslie RD, Palmer J, Schloot NC, Lernmark A. Diabetes at the crossroads: relevance of disease classification to pathophysiology and treatment. Diabetologia 2016;59:13−20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-015-3789-z

McKeigue P, Spiliopoulou A, McGurnaghan S, et al. Persistent C-peptide secretion in type 1 diabetes and its relationship to the genetic architecture of diabetes. BMC Med 2019;17(1):165. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-019-1392-8

Fousteri G, Ippolito E, Ahmed R, Hamad A. Beta cell specific autoantibodies: are they just an indicator of type 1 diabetes? Curr Diabetes Rev 2017; 13(3):322−9. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573399812666160427104157

Bravis V, Kaur A, Walkey HC, et al. Relationship between islet autoantibody status and the clinical characteristics of children and adults with incident type 1 diabetes in a UK cohort. BMJ Open 2018 Apr 4;8(4):e020904. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020904

Eisenbarth GS. Update in type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92(7):2403−7. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-0339

Downloads

Published

2021-05-28

Issue

Section

Case Reports

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 3 > >>